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23 <center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8<br>
24 IEEE Std 1003.1-2024<br>
25 Copyright © 2001-2024 The IEEE and The Open Group</font></center>
26 <hr size="2" noshade>
27 <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a name="tee" id="tee"></a> <a name="tag_20_120" id="tag_20_120"></a><!-- tee -->
28 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_01" id="tag_20_120_01"></a>NAME</h4>
29 <blockquote>tee — duplicate standard input</blockquote>
30 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_02" id="tag_20_120_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
31 <blockquote class="synopsis">
32 <p><code><tt>tee</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-ai</tt><b>] [</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b></code></p>
33 </blockquote>
34 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_03" id="tag_20_120_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
35 <blockquote>
36 <p>The <i>tee</i> utility shall copy standard input to standard output, making a copy in zero or more files. The <i>tee</i> utility
37 shall not buffer output.</p>
38 <p>If the <b>-a</b> option is not specified, output files shall be written (see <a href=
39 "../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_01_01_04"><i>1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation</i></a> ).</p>
40 </blockquote>
41 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_04" id="tag_20_120_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
42 <blockquote>
43 <p>The <i>tee</i> utility shall conform to XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax
44 Guidelines</i></a> .</p>
45 <p>The following options shall be supported:</p>
46 <dl compact>
47 <dd></dd>
48 <dt><b>-a</b></dt>
49 <dd>Append the output to the files.</dd>
50 <dt><b>-i</b></dt>
51 <dd>Ignore the SIGINT signal.</dd>
52 </dl>
53 </blockquote>
54 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_05" id="tag_20_120_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
55 <blockquote>
56 <p>The following operands shall be supported:</p>
57 <dl compact>
58 <dd></dd>
59 <dt><i>file</i></dt>
60 <dd>A pathname of an output file. If a <i>file</i> operand is <tt>'-'</tt>, it shall refer to a file named <b>-</b>;
61 implementations shall not treat it as meaning standard output. Processing of at least 13 <i>file</i> operands shall be
62 supported.</dd>
63 </dl>
64 </blockquote>
65 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_06" id="tag_20_120_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
66 <blockquote>
67 <p>The standard input can be of any type.</p>
68 </blockquote>
69 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_07" id="tag_20_120_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
70 <blockquote>
71 <p>None.</p>
72 </blockquote>
73 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_08" id="tag_20_120_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
74 <blockquote>
75 <p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>tee</i>:</p>
76 <dl compact>
77 <dd></dd>
78 <dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
79 <dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD <a href=
80 "../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_02"><i>8.2 Internationalization Variables</i></a> for the precedence of internationalization
81 variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
82 <dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
83 <dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
84 <dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i></dt>
85 <dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
86 opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).</dd>
87 <dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
88 <dd><br>
89 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.</dd>
90 <dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
91 <dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
92 Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
93 "0"></dd>
94 </dl>
95 </blockquote>
96 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_09" id="tag_20_120_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
97 <blockquote>
98 <p>Default, except that if the <b>-i</b> option was specified, SIGINT shall be ignored.</p>
99 </blockquote>
100 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_10" id="tag_20_120_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
101 <blockquote>
102 <p>The standard output shall be a copy of the standard input.</p>
103 </blockquote>
104 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_11" id="tag_20_120_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
105 <blockquote>
106 <p>The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.</p>
107 </blockquote>
108 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_12" id="tag_20_120_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
109 <blockquote>
110 <p>If any <i>file</i> operands are specified, the standard input shall be copied to each named file.</p>
111 </blockquote>
112 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_13" id="tag_20_120_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
113 <blockquote>
114 <p>None.</p>
115 </blockquote>
116 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_14" id="tag_20_120_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
117 <blockquote>
118 <p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
119 <dl compact>
120 <dd></dd>
121 <dt> 0</dt>
122 <dd>The standard input was successfully copied to all output files.</dd>
123 <dt>>0</dt>
124 <dd>An error occurred.</dd>
125 </dl>
126 </blockquote>
127 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_15" id="tag_20_120_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
128 <blockquote>
129 <p>If a write to any successfully opened <i>file</i> operand fails, writes to other successfully opened <i>file</i> operands and
130 standard output shall continue, but the exit status shall be non-zero. Otherwise, the default actions specified in <a href=
131 "../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_04"><i>1.4 Utility Description Defaults</i></a> apply.</p>
132 </blockquote>
133 <hr>
134 <div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
135 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_16" id="tag_20_120_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
136 <blockquote>
137 <p>The <i>tee</i> utility is usually used in a pipeline, to make a copy of the output of some utility.</p>
138 <p>The <i>file</i> operand is technically optional, but <i>tee</i> is no more useful than <a href=
139 "../utilities/cat.html"><i>cat</i></a> when none is specified.</p>
140 </blockquote>
141 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_17" id="tag_20_120_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
142 <blockquote>
143 <p>Save an unsorted intermediate form of the data in a pipeline:</p>
144 <pre>
145 <tt>... | tee unsorted | sort > sorted
146 </tt></pre></blockquote>
147 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_18" id="tag_20_120_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
148 <blockquote>
149 <p>The buffering requirement means that <i>tee</i> is not allowed to use ISO C standard fully buffered or line-buffered
150 writes. It does not mean that <i>tee</i> has to do 1-byte reads followed by 1-byte writes.</p>
151 <p>It should be noted that early versions of BSD ignore any invalid options and accept a single <tt>'-'</tt> as an alternative to
152 <b>-i</b>. They also print a message if unable to open a file:</p>
153 <pre>
154 <tt>"tee: cannot access %s\n", <</tt><i>pathname</i><tt>>
155 </tt></pre>
156 <p>Historical implementations ignore write errors. This is explicitly not permitted by this volume of POSIX.1-2024.</p>
157 <p>Some historical implementations use O_APPEND when providing append mode; others use the <a href=
158 "../functions/lseek.html"><i>lseek</i>()</a> function to seek to the end-of-file after opening the file without O_APPEND. This
159 volume of POSIX.1-2024 requires functionality equivalent to using O_APPEND; see <a href=
160 "../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_01_01_04"><i>1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation</i></a> .</p>
161 </blockquote>
162 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_19" id="tag_20_120_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
163 <blockquote>
164 <p>If this utility is directed to create a new directory entry that contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a
165 <newline> character, implementations are encouraged to treat this as an error. A future version of this standard may require
166 implementations to treat this as an error.</p>
167 </blockquote>
168 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_20" id="tag_20_120_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
169 <blockquote>
170 <p><a href="../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18"><i>1. Introduction</i></a> , <a href="../utilities/cat.html#"><i>cat</i></a></p>
171 <p>XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08"><i>8. Environment Variables</i></a> , <a href=
172 "../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i></a></p>
173 <p>XSH <a href="../functions/lseek.html#"><i>lseek</i></a></p>
174 </blockquote>
175 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_21" id="tag_20_120_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
176 <blockquote>
177 <p>First released in Issue 2.</p>
178 </blockquote>
179 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_22" id="tag_20_120_22"></a>Issue 6</h4>
180 <blockquote>
181 <p>IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.2 #168 is applied.</p>
182 </blockquote>
183 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_23" id="tag_20_120_23"></a>Issue 7</h4>
184 <blockquote>
185 <p>Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #092 is applied.</p>
186 <p>SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.</p>
187 </blockquote>
188 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_120_24" id="tag_20_120_24"></a>Issue 8</h4>
189 <blockquote>
190 <p>Austin Group Defect 251 is applied, encouraging implementations to disallow the creation of filenames containing any bytes that
191 have the encoded value of a <newline> character.</p>
192 <p>Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of <i>NLSPATH .</i></p>
193 <p>Austin Group Defect 1494 is applied, inserting a missing closing parenthesis.</p>
194 </blockquote>
195 <div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
196 <hr>
197 <p> </p>
198 <a href="#top"><span class="topOfPage">return to top of page</span></a><br>
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200 <center><font size="2">UNIX® is a registered Trademark of The Open Group.<br>
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