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23 <center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8<br>
24 IEEE Std 1003.1-2024<br>
25 Copyright © 2001-2024 The IEEE and The Open Group</font></center>
26 <hr size="2" noshade>
27 <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a name="pwd" id="pwd"></a> <a name="tag_20_99" id="tag_20_99"></a><!-- pwd -->
28 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_01" id="tag_20_99_01"></a>NAME</h4>
29 <blockquote>pwd — return working directory name</blockquote>
30 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_02" id="tag_20_99_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
31 <blockquote class="synopsis">
32 <p><code><tt>pwd</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-L|-P</tt><b>]</b></code></p>
33 </blockquote>
34 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_03" id="tag_20_99_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
35 <blockquote>
36 <p>The <i>pwd</i> utility shall write to standard output an absolute pathname of the current working directory, which does not
37 contain the filenames dot or dot-dot.</p>
38 </blockquote>
39 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_04" id="tag_20_99_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
40 <blockquote>
41 <p>The <i>pwd</i> utility shall conform to XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax
42 Guidelines</i></a> .</p>
43 <p>The following options shall be supported by the implementation:</p>
44 <dl compact>
45 <dd></dd>
46 <dt><b>-L</b></dt>
47 <dd>If the <i>PWD</i> environment variable contains an absolute pathname of the current directory and the pathname does not contain
48 any components that are dot or dot-dot, <i>pwd</i> shall write this pathname to standard output, except that if the <i>PWD</i>
49 environment variable is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes including the terminating null, it is unspecified whether <i>pwd</i> writes
50 this pathname to standard output or behaves as if the <b>-P</b> option had been specified. Otherwise, the <b>-L</b> option shall
51 behave as the <b>-P</b> option.</dd>
52 <dt><b>-P</b></dt>
53 <dd>The pathname written to standard output shall not contain any components that refer to files of type symbolic link. If there
54 are multiple pathnames that the <i>pwd</i> utility could write to standard output, one beginning with a single <slash>
55 character and one or more beginning with two <slash> characters, then it shall write the pathname beginning with a single
56 <slash> character. The pathname shall not contain any unnecessary <slash> characters after the leading one or two
57 <slash> characters.</dd>
58 </dl>
59 <p>If both <b>-L</b> and <b>-P</b> are specified, the last one shall apply. If neither <b>-L</b> nor <b>-P</b> is specified, the
60 <i>pwd</i> utility shall behave as if <b>-L</b> had been specified.</p>
61 </blockquote>
62 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_05" id="tag_20_99_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
63 <blockquote>
64 <p>None.</p>
65 </blockquote>
66 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_06" id="tag_20_99_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
67 <blockquote>
68 <p>Not used.</p>
69 </blockquote>
70 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_07" id="tag_20_99_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
71 <blockquote>
72 <p>None.</p>
73 </blockquote>
74 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_08" id="tag_20_99_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
75 <blockquote>
76 <p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>pwd</i>:</p>
77 <dl compact>
78 <dd></dd>
79 <dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
80 <dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD <a href=
81 "../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_02"><i>8.2 Internationalization Variables</i></a> the precedence of internationalization
82 variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
83 <dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
84 <dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
85 <dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
86 <dd><br>
87 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.</dd>
88 <dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
89 <dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
90 Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
91 "0"></dd>
92 <dt><i>PWD</i></dt>
93 <dd>An absolute pathname of the current working directory. If an application sets or unsets the value of <i>PWD ,</i> the behavior
94 of <i>pwd</i> is unspecified.</dd>
95 </dl>
96 </blockquote>
97 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_09" id="tag_20_99_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
98 <blockquote>
99 <p>Default.</p>
100 </blockquote>
101 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_10" id="tag_20_99_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
102 <blockquote>
103 <p>The <i>pwd</i> utility output is an absolute pathname of the current working directory:</p>
104 <pre>
105 <tt>"%s\n", <</tt><i>directory pathname</i><tt>>
106 </tt></pre></blockquote>
107 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_11" id="tag_20_99_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
108 <blockquote>
109 <p>The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.</p>
110 </blockquote>
111 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_12" id="tag_20_99_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
112 <blockquote>
113 <p>None.</p>
114 </blockquote>
115 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_13" id="tag_20_99_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
116 <blockquote>
117 <p>None.</p>
118 </blockquote>
119 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_14" id="tag_20_99_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
120 <blockquote>
121 <p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
122 <dl compact>
123 <dd></dd>
124 <dt> 0</dt>
125 <dd>Successful completion.</dd>
126 <dt>>0</dt>
127 <dd>An error occurred.</dd>
128 </dl>
129 </blockquote>
130 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_15" id="tag_20_99_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
131 <blockquote>
132 <p>If an error is detected other than a write error when writing to standard output, no output shall be written to standard output,
133 a diagnostic message shall be written to standard error, and the exit status shall be non-zero.</p>
134 </blockquote>
135 <hr>
136 <div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
137 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_16" id="tag_20_99_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
138 <blockquote>
139 <p>If the pathname obtained from <i>pwd</i> is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes, it could produce an error if passed to <a href=
140 "../utilities/cd.html"><i>cd</i></a>. Therefore, in order to return to that directory it may be necessary to break the pathname
141 into sections shorter than {PATH_MAX} and call <a href="../utilities/cd.html"><i>cd</i></a> on each section in turn (the first
142 section being an absolute pathname and subsequent sections being relative pathnames).</p>
143 </blockquote>
144 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_17" id="tag_20_99_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
145 <blockquote>
146 <p>None.</p>
147 </blockquote>
148 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_18" id="tag_20_99_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
149 <blockquote>
150 <p>Some implementations have historically provided <i>pwd</i> as a shell special built-in command.</p>
151 <p>In most utilities, if an error occurs, partial output may be written to standard output. This does not happen in historical
152 implementations of <i>pwd</i> (unless an error condition causes a partial write). Because <i>pwd</i> is frequently used in
153 historical shell scripts without checking the exit status, it is important that the historical behavior is required here;
154 therefore, the CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS section specifically disallows any partial output being written to standard output, except
155 when a write error occurs when writing to standard output.</p>
156 <p>An earlier version of this standard stated that the <i>PWD</i> environment variable was affected when the <b>-P</b> option was
157 in effect. This was incorrect; conforming implementations do not do this.</p>
158 </blockquote>
159 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_19" id="tag_20_99_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
160 <blockquote>
161 <p>If this utility is directed to display a pathname that contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a <newline>
162 character when <newline> is a terminator or separator in the output format being used, implementations are encouraged to
163 treat this as an error. A future version of this standard may require implementations to treat this as an error.</p>
164 </blockquote>
165 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_20" id="tag_20_99_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
166 <blockquote>
167 <p><a href="../utilities/cd.html#"><i>cd</i></a></p>
168 <p>XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08"><i>8. Environment Variables</i></a> , <a href=
169 "../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i></a></p>
170 <p>XSH <a href="../functions/getcwd.html#"><i>getcwd</i></a></p>
171 </blockquote>
172 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_21" id="tag_20_99_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
173 <blockquote>
174 <p>First released in Issue 2.</p>
175 </blockquote>
176 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_22" id="tag_20_99_22"></a>Issue 6</h4>
177 <blockquote>
178 <p>The <b>-P</b> and <b>-L</b> options are added to describe actions relating to symbolic links as specified in the
179 IEEE P1003.2b draft standard.</p>
180 </blockquote>
181 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_23" id="tag_20_99_23"></a>Issue 7</h4>
182 <blockquote>
183 <p>Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #097 is applied.</p>
184 <p>SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.</p>
185 <p>Changes to the <i>pwd</i> utility and <i>PWD</i> environment variable have been made to match the changes to the <a href=
186 "../functions/getcwd.html"><i>getcwd</i>()</a> function made for Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #140.</p>
187 <p>POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0161 [471] is applied.</p>
188 </blockquote>
189 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_99_24" id="tag_20_99_24"></a>Issue 8</h4>
190 <blockquote>
191 <p>Austin Group Defect 251 is applied, encouraging implementations to report an error if a utility is directed to display a
192 pathname that contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a <newline> character when <newline> is a terminator or
193 separator in the output format being used.</p>
194 <p>Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of <i>NLSPATH .</i></p>
195 <p>Austin Group Defect 1488 is applied, clarifying the behavior when a write error occurs when writing to standard output.</p>
196 </blockquote>
197 <div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
198 <hr>
199 <p> </p>
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