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23 <script language="JavaScript" src="../jscript/codes.js"></script><basefont size="3">
24 <center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8<br>
25 IEEE Std 1003.1-2024<br>
26 Copyright © 2001-2024 The IEEE and The Open Group</font></center>
27 <hr size="2" noshade>
28 <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a name="paste" id="paste"></a> <a name="tag_20_91" id="tag_20_91"></a><!-- paste -->
29 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_01" id="tag_20_91_01"></a>NAME</h4>
30 <blockquote>paste — merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files</blockquote>
31 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_02" id="tag_20_91_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
32 <blockquote class="synopsis">
33 <p><code><tt>paste</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-s</tt><b>] [</b><tt>-d</tt> <i>list</i><b>]</b> <i>file</i><tt>...</tt></code></p>
34 </blockquote>
35 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_03" id="tag_20_91_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
36 <blockquote>
37 <p>The <i>paste</i> utility shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the given input files, and write the resulting lines to
38 standard output.</p>
39 <p>The default operation of <i>paste</i> shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the input files. The <newline> of every
40 line except the line from the last input file shall be replaced with a <tab>.</p>
41 <p>If an end-of-file condition is detected on one or more input files, but not all input files, <i>paste</i> shall behave as though
42 empty lines were read from the files on which end-of-file was detected, unless the <b>-s</b> option is specified.</p>
43 </blockquote>
44 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_04" id="tag_20_91_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
45 <blockquote>
46 <p>The <i>paste</i> utility shall conform to XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax
47 Guidelines</i></a> .</p>
48 <p>The following options shall be supported:</p>
49 <dl compact>
50 <dd></dd>
51 <dt><b>-d </b><i>list</i></dt>
52 <dd>Unless a <backslash> character appears in <i>list</i>, each character in <i>list</i> is an element specifying a delimiter
53 character. If a <backslash> character appears in <i>list</i>, the <backslash> character and one or more characters
54 following it are an element specifying a delimiter character as described below. These elements specify one or more delimiters to
55 use, instead of the default <tab>, to replace the <newline> of the input lines. The elements in <i>list</i> shall be
56 used circularly; that is, when the list is exhausted the first element from the list is reused. When the <b>-s</b> option is
57 specified:
58 <ul>
59 <li>
60 <p>The last <newline> in a file shall not be modified.</p>
61 </li>
62 <li>
63 <p>The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of <i>list</i> after each <i>file</i> operand is processed.</p>
64 </li>
65 </ul>
66 <p>When the <b>-s</b> option is not specified:</p>
67 <ul>
68 <li>
69 <p>The <newline> characters in the file specified by the last <i>file</i> operand shall not be modified.</p>
70 </li>
71 <li>
72 <p>The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of list each time a line is processed from each file.</p>
73 </li>
74 </ul>
75 <p>If a <backslash> character appears in <i>list</i>, it and the character following it shall be used to represent the
76 following delimiter characters:</p>
77 <dl compact>
78 <dd></dd>
79 <dt><tt>\n</tt></dt>
80 <dd><newline>.</dd>
81 <dt><tt>\t</tt></dt>
82 <dd><tab>.</dd>
83 <dt><tt>\\</tt></dt>
84 <dd><backslash> character.</dd>
85 <dt><tt>\0</tt></dt>
86 <dd>Empty string (not a null character). If <tt>'\0'</tt> is immediately followed by the character <tt>'x'</tt>, the character
87 <tt>'X'</tt>, or any character defined by the <i>LC_CTYPE</i> <b>digit</b> keyword (see XBD <a href=
88 "../basedefs/V1_chap07.html#tag_07"><i>7. Locale</i></a> ), the results are unspecified.</dd>
89 </dl>
90 <p>If any other characters follow the <backslash>, the results are unspecified.</p>
91 </dd>
92 <dt><b>-s</b></dt>
93 <dd>Concatenate all of the lines from each input file into one line of output per file, in command line order. The <newline>
94 of every line except the last line in each input file shall be replaced with a <tab>, unless otherwise specified by the
95 <b>-d</b> option. If an input file is empty, the output line corresponding to that file shall consist of only a <newline>
96 character.</dd>
97 </dl>
98 </blockquote>
99 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_05" id="tag_20_91_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
100 <blockquote>
101 <p>The following operand shall be supported:</p>
102 <dl compact>
103 <dd></dd>
104 <dt><i>file</i></dt>
105 <dd>A pathname of an input file. If <tt>'-'</tt> is specified for one or more of the <i>file</i>s, the standard input shall be
106 used; the standard input shall be read one line at a time, circularly, for each instance of <tt>'-'</tt>. Implementations shall
107 support pasting of at least 12 <i>file</i> operands.</dd>
108 </dl>
109 </blockquote>
110 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_06" id="tag_20_91_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
111 <blockquote>
112 <p>The standard input shall be used only if one or more <i>file</i> operands is <tt>'-'</tt>. See the INPUT FILES section.</p>
113 </blockquote>
114 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_07" id="tag_20_91_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
115 <blockquote>
116 <p>The input files shall be text files, except that line lengths shall be unlimited.</p>
117 </blockquote>
118 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_08" id="tag_20_91_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
119 <blockquote>
120 <p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>paste</i>:</p>
121 <dl compact>
122 <dd></dd>
123 <dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
124 <dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD <a href=
125 "../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_02"><i>8.2 Internationalization Variables</i></a> the precedence of internationalization
126 variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
127 <dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
128 <dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
129 <dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i></dt>
130 <dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
131 opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).</dd>
132 <dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
133 <dd><br>
134 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.</dd>
135 <dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
136 <dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
137 Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
138 "0"></dd>
139 </dl>
140 </blockquote>
141 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_09" id="tag_20_91_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
142 <blockquote>
143 <p>Default.</p>
144 </blockquote>
145 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_10" id="tag_20_91_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
146 <blockquote>
147 <p>Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated by the <tab> (or other characters under the control of the <b>-d</b>
148 option) and terminated by a <newline>.</p>
149 </blockquote>
150 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_11" id="tag_20_91_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
151 <blockquote>
152 <p>The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.</p>
153 </blockquote>
154 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_12" id="tag_20_91_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
155 <blockquote>
156 <p>None.</p>
157 </blockquote>
158 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_13" id="tag_20_91_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
159 <blockquote>
160 <p>None.</p>
161 </blockquote>
162 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_14" id="tag_20_91_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
163 <blockquote>
164 <p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
165 <dl compact>
166 <dd></dd>
167 <dt> 0</dt>
168 <dd>Successful completion.</dd>
169 <dt>>0</dt>
170 <dd>An error occurred.</dd>
171 </dl>
172 </blockquote>
173 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_15" id="tag_20_91_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
174 <blockquote>
175 <p>If one or more input files cannot be opened when the <b>-s</b> option is not specified, a diagnostic message shall be written to
176 standard error, but no output is written to standard output. If the <b>-s</b> option is specified, the <i>paste</i> utility shall
177 provide the default behavior described in <a href="../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_04"><i>1.4 Utility Description
178 Defaults</i></a> .</p>
179 </blockquote>
180 <hr>
181 <div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
182 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_16" id="tag_20_91_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
183 <blockquote>
184 <p>When the escape sequences of the <i>list</i> option-argument are used in a shell script, they must be quoted; otherwise, the
185 shell treats the <backslash> as a special character.</p>
186 <p>Conforming applications should only use the specific <backslash>-escaped delimiters presented in this volume of
187 POSIX.1-2024. Historical implementations treat <tt>'\x'</tt>, where <tt>'x'</tt> is not in this list, as <tt>'x'</tt>, but future
188 implementations are free to expand this list to recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted by <a href=
189 "../utilities/printf.html"><i>printf</i></a> and other standard utilities.</p>
190 <p>Most of the standard utilities work on text files. The <a href="../utilities/cut.html"><i>cut</i></a> utility can be used to
191 turn files with arbitrary line lengths into a set of text files containing the same data. The <i>paste</i> utility can be used to
192 create (or recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths. For example, if <i>file</i> contains long lines:</p>
193 <pre>
194 <tt>cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
195 cut -b 501- -n file > file2
196 </tt></pre>
197 <p>creates <b>file1</b> (a text file) with lines no longer than 500 bytes (plus the <newline>) and <b>file2</b> that contains
198 the remainder of the data from <i>file</i>. Note that <b>file2</b> is not a text file if there are lines in <i>file</i> that are
199 longer than 500 + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original file can be recreated from <b>file1</b> and <b>file2</b> using the command:</p>
200 <pre>
201 <tt>paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
202 </tt></pre>
203 <p>The commands:</p>
204 <pre>
205 <tt>paste -d "\0" ...
206 paste -d "" ...
207 </tt></pre>
208 <p>are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not specified by this volume of POSIX.1-2024 and may result in an error. The
209 construct <tt>'\0'</tt> is used to mean "no separator" because historical versions of <i>paste</i> did not follow the syntax
210 guidelines, and the command:</p>
211 <pre>
212 <tt>paste -d"" ...
213 </tt></pre>
214 <p>could not be handled properly by <a href="../functions/getopt.html"><i>getopt</i>()</a>.</p>
215 </blockquote>
216 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_17" id="tag_20_91_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
217 <blockquote>
218 <ol>
219 <li>
220 <p>Write out a directory in four columns:</p>
221 <pre>
222 <tt>ls | paste - - - -
223 </tt></pre></li>
224 <li>
225 <p>Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:</p>
226 <pre>
227 <tt>paste -s -d "\t\n" file
228 </tt></pre></li>
229 </ol>
230 </blockquote>
231 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_18" id="tag_20_91_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
232 <blockquote>
233 <p>None.</p>
234 </blockquote>
235 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_19" id="tag_20_91_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
236 <blockquote>
237 <p>None.</p>
238 </blockquote>
239 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_20" id="tag_20_91_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
240 <blockquote>
241 <p><a href="../utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_04"><i>1.4 Utility Description Defaults</i></a> , <a href=
242 "../utilities/cut.html#"><i>cut</i></a> , <a href="../utilities/grep.html#"><i>grep</i></a> , <a href=
243 "../utilities/pr.html#"><i>pr</i></a></p>
244 <p>XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap07.html#tag_07"><i>7. Locale</i></a> , <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08"><i>8.
245 Environment Variables</i></a> , <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i></a></p>
246 </blockquote>
247 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_21" id="tag_20_91_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
248 <blockquote>
249 <p>First released in Issue 2.</p>
250 </blockquote>
251 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_22" id="tag_20_91_22"></a>Issue 6</h4>
252 <blockquote>
253 <p>The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.</p>
254 </blockquote>
255 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_23" id="tag_20_91_23"></a>Issue 7</h4>
256 <blockquote>
257 <p>SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.</p>
258 <p>POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0149 [973] is applied.</p>
259 </blockquote>
260 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_91_24" id="tag_20_91_24"></a>Issue 8</h4>
261 <blockquote>
262 <p>Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of <i>NLSPATH .</i></p>
263 </blockquote>
264 <div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
265 <hr>
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