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23 <center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8<br>
24 IEEE Std 1003.1-2024<br>
25 Copyright © 2001-2024 The IEEE and The Open Group</font></center>
26 <hr size="2" noshade>
27 <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a name="expand" id="expand"></a> <a name="tag_20_41" id="tag_20_41"></a><!-- expand -->
28 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_01" id="tag_20_41_01"></a>NAME</h4>
29 <blockquote>expand — convert tabs to spaces</blockquote>
30 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_02" id="tag_20_41_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
31 <blockquote class="synopsis">
32 <p><code><tt>expand</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-t</tt> <i>tablist</i><b>] [</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b></code></p>
33 </blockquote>
34 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_03" id="tag_20_41_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
35 <blockquote>
36 <p>The <i>expand</i> utility shall write files or the standard input to the standard output with <tab> characters replaced
37 with one or more <space> characters needed to pad to the next tab stop. Any <backspace> characters shall be copied to
38 the output and cause the column position count for tab stop calculations to be decremented; the column position count shall not be
39 decremented below zero.</p>
40 </blockquote>
41 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_04" id="tag_20_41_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
42 <blockquote>
43 <p>The <i>expand</i> utility shall conform to XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2 Utility Syntax
44 Guidelines</i></a> .</p>
45 <p>The following option shall be supported:</p>
46 <dl compact>
47 <dd></dd>
48 <dt><b>-t </b><i>tablist</i></dt>
49 <dd>Specify the tab stops. The application shall ensure that the argument <i>tablist</i> consists of either a single positive
50 decimal integer or a list of tabstops. If a single number is given, tabs shall be set that number of column positions apart instead
51 of the default 8.
52 <p>If a list of tabstops is given, the application shall ensure that it consists of a list of two or more positive decimal
53 integers, separated by <blank> or <comma> characters, in ascending order. The <tab> characters shall be set at
54 those specific column positions. Each tab stop <i>N</i> shall be an integer value greater than zero, and the list is in strictly
55 ascending order. This is taken to mean that, from the start of a line of output, tabbing to position <i>N</i> shall cause the next
56 character output to be in the (<i>N</i>+1)th column position on that line.</p>
57 <p>In the event of <i>expand</i> having to process a <tab> at a position beyond the last of those specified in a multiple
58 tab-stop list, the <tab> shall be replaced by a single <space> in the output.</p>
59 </dd>
60 </dl>
61 </blockquote>
62 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_05" id="tag_20_41_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
63 <blockquote>
64 <p>The following operand shall be supported:</p>
65 <dl compact>
66 <dd></dd>
67 <dt><i>file</i></dt>
68 <dd>The pathname of a text file to be used as input.</dd>
69 </dl>
70 </blockquote>
71 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_06" id="tag_20_41_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
72 <blockquote>
73 <p>See the INPUT FILES section.</p>
74 </blockquote>
75 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_07" id="tag_20_41_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
76 <blockquote>
77 <p>Input files shall be text files.</p>
78 </blockquote>
79 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_08" id="tag_20_41_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
80 <blockquote>
81 <p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>expand</i>:</p>
82 <dl compact>
83 <dd></dd>
84 <dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
85 <dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD <a href=
86 "../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_02"><i>8.2 Internationalization Variables</i></a> for the precedence of internationalization
87 variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
88 <dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
89 <dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
90 <dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i></dt>
91 <dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
92 opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files), the processing of <tab> and <space> characters, and for
93 the determination of the width in column positions each character would occupy on an output device.</dd>
94 <dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
95 <dd><br>
96 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.</dd>
97 <dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
98 <dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
99 Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
100 "0"></dd>
101 </dl>
102 </blockquote>
103 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_09" id="tag_20_41_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
104 <blockquote>
105 <p>Default.</p>
106 </blockquote>
107 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_10" id="tag_20_41_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
108 <blockquote>
109 <p>The standard output shall be equivalent to the input files with <tab> characters converted into the appropriate number of
110 <space> characters.</p>
111 </blockquote>
112 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_11" id="tag_20_41_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
113 <blockquote>
114 <p>The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.</p>
115 </blockquote>
116 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_12" id="tag_20_41_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
117 <blockquote>
118 <p>None.</p>
119 </blockquote>
120 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_13" id="tag_20_41_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
121 <blockquote>
122 <p>None.</p>
123 </blockquote>
124 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_14" id="tag_20_41_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
125 <blockquote>
126 <p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
127 <dl compact>
128 <dd></dd>
129 <dt> 0</dt>
130 <dd>Successful completion</dd>
131 <dt>>0</dt>
132 <dd>An error occurred.</dd>
133 </dl>
134 </blockquote>
135 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_15" id="tag_20_41_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
136 <blockquote>
137 <p>The <i>expand</i> utility shall terminate with an error message and non-zero exit status upon encountering difficulties
138 accessing one of the <i>file</i> operands.</p>
139 </blockquote>
140 <hr>
141 <div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
142 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_16" id="tag_20_41_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
143 <blockquote>
144 <p>None.</p>
145 </blockquote>
146 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_17" id="tag_20_41_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
147 <blockquote>
148 <p>None.</p>
149 </blockquote>
150 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_18" id="tag_20_41_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
151 <blockquote>
152 <p>The <i>expand</i> utility is useful for preprocessing text files (before sorting, looking at specific columns, and so on) that
153 contain <tab> characters.</p>
154 <p>See XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_75"><i>3.75 Column Position</i></a> .</p>
155 <p>The <i>tablist</i> option-argument consists of integers in ascending order. Utility Syntax Guideline 8 mandates that
156 <i>expand</i> shall accept the integers (within the single argument) separated using either <comma> or <blank>
157 characters.</p>
158 <p>Earlier versions of this standard allowed the following form in the SYNOPSIS:</p>
159 <pre>
160 <tt>expand </tt><b>[</b><tt>-tabstop</tt><b>][</b><tt>-tab1,tab2,...,tabn</tt><b>][</b><i>file</i><tt> ...</tt><b>]</b><tt>
161 </tt></pre>
162 <p>This form is no longer specified by POSIX.1-2024 but may be present in some implementations.</p>
163 </blockquote>
164 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_19" id="tag_20_41_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
165 <blockquote>
166 <p>None.</p>
167 </blockquote>
168 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_20" id="tag_20_41_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
169 <blockquote>
170 <p><a href="../utilities/tabs.html#"><i>tabs</i></a> , <a href="../utilities/unexpand.html#"><i>unexpand</i></a></p>
171 <p>XBD <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_75"><i>3.75 Column Position</i></a> , <a href=
172 "../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08"><i>8. Environment Variables</i></a> , <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02"><i>12.2
173 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i></a></p>
174 </blockquote>
175 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_21" id="tag_20_41_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
176 <blockquote>
177 <p>First released in Issue 4.</p>
178 </blockquote>
179 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_22" id="tag_20_41_22"></a>Issue 6</h4>
180 <blockquote>
181 <p>This utility is marked as part of the User Portability Utilities option.</p>
182 <p>The APPLICATION USAGE section is added.</p>
183 <p>The obsolescent SYNOPSIS is removed.</p>
184 <p>The <i>LC_CTYPE</i> environment variable description is updated to align with the IEEE P1003.2b draft standard.</p>
185 <p>The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.</p>
186 </blockquote>
187 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_23" id="tag_20_41_23"></a>Issue 7</h4>
188 <blockquote>
189 <p>Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #027 is applied.</p>
190 <p>SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.</p>
191 <p>The <i>expand</i> utility is moved from the User Portability Utilities option to the Base. User Portability Utilities is now an
192 option for interactive utilities.</p>
193 </blockquote>
194 <h4 class="mansect"><a name="tag_20_41_24" id="tag_20_41_24"></a>Issue 8</h4>
195 <blockquote>
196 <p>Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of <i>NLSPATH .</i></p>
197 </blockquote>
198 <div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
199 <hr>
200 <p> </p>
201 <a href="#top"><span class="topOfPage">return to top of page</span></a><br>
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