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11 <center><font size="2">
12 The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8<br>
13 IEEE Std 1003.1-2024<br>
14 Copyright © 2001-2024 The IEEE and The Open Group</font></center>
15 <hr size="2" noshade>
16 <a name="top"></a>
17
18 <a name="compress"></a>
19 <a name = "tag_20_23"></a><!-- compress -->
20
21
22
23 <h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_01"></a>NAME</h4><blockquote>
24 compress, uncompress, zcat — compress and decompress data
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4><blockquote class="synopsis">
32 <p>
33 <p>
34 <tt><div class="box"><code><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup>
35 <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=0>
36 compress </tt><b>[</b><tt>-fv</tt><b>] [</b><tt>-b </tt><i>value</i><b>] [</b><tt>-g | -m </tt><i>algo</i><b>] [</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b><tt>
37 <br>
38 <br>
39 compress -c </tt><b>[</b><tt>-fv</tt><b>] [</b><tt>-b </tt><i>value</i><b>] [</b><tt>-g | -m </tt><i>algo</i><b>] [</b><i>file</i><b>]</b><tt>
40 <br>
41 <br>
42 compress -d </tt><b>[</b><tt>-cfv</tt><b>] [</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b><tt>
43 <br>
44 <br>
45 uncompress </tt><b>[</b><tt>-cfv</tt><b>] [</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b><tt>
46 <br>
47 <br>
48 zcat </tt><b>[</b><i>file</i><tt>...</tt><b>]</b><tt>
49 <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=0>
50 </code></div>
51 <br>
52 </tt>
53 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4><blockquote>
54 <p>
55 The
56 <i>compress</i>
57 utility, when the
58 <b>-d</b>
59 option is not specified, shall apply the compression algorithm identified
60 by the
61 <b>-g</b>
62 option or the
63 <b>-m</b>
64 <i>algo</i>
65 option to the named files to attempt to reduce their size without loss
66 of information. The compress utility with the
67 <b>-d</b>
68 option shall apply the appropriate decompression algorithm to the
69 named files to restore the data to their original state.
70 <p>
71 The
72 <i>uncompress</i>
73 utility shall be equivalent to
74 <i>compress</i>
75 <b>-d</b>.
76 The
77 <i>zcat</i>
78 utility shall be equivalent to
79 <i>compress</i>
80 <b>-c -d</b>.
81 If multiple
82 <i>file</i>
83 operands are specified, the decompressed data from each input file
84 shall be concatenated to standard output.
85 <p>
86 When compressing data, unless the
87 <b>-c</b>
88 option is specified, after an input file other than standard input has
89 been compressed, the compressed data from the input file shall be
90 stored in a file with the same pathname as the input file but with an
91 added suffix. The added suffix shall be the suffix associated with the
92 algorithm (see the algorithms in
93 <a href="#tagtcjh_17">
94 Compression algorithms, algo option-argument values, and suffixes
95 </a>
96 ).
97 If appending the suffix would make the size of the last component of
98 the output file's pathname exceed
99 {NAME_MAX}
100 bytes, the command shall fail. If appending the suffix would make the
101 size of the pathname exceed
102 {PATH_MAX}
103 bytes, the command may fail.
104 <p>
105 When decompressing data, unless the
106 <b>-c</b>
107 option is specified, after an input file other than standard input has
108 been decompressed, the decompressed data from the input file shall be
109 stored in a file with the same pathname as the input file but with the
110 suffix associated with the algorithm removed.
111 <sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('OB')">OB</a>]</sup>
112 <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=0>
113 If
114 <i>file</i>
115 has no suffix associated with a known compression algorithm or
116 <i>file</i>
117 does not exist and does not have a
118 <b>.Z</b>
119 suffix,
120 <i>file</i>
121 shall be used as the name of the output file, and the default suffix
122 <b>.Z</b>
123 shall be appended to
124 <i>file</i>
125 to form the input pathname.
126 <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=0>
127 The behavior is unspecified if the input pathname ends with a suffix
128 other than the suffix associated with the algorithm used to compress
129 the data. When the
130 <b>-c</b>
131 option is specified,
132 <i>file</i>
133 can have any suffix, or no suffix, and the utility shall use
134 <i>file</i>
135 as the input file and examine the file's contents to determine which
136 algorithm to use to decompress the data (it is not an error if
137 <i>file</i>
138 does not have a suffix that matches the suffix associated with the
139 compression algorithm).
140 <p>
141 When compressing or decompressing a file other than standard input and the
142 <b>-c</b>
143 option is not specified, if the invoking process has sufficient privilege,
144 the ownership, modes, access time, and modification time of the output
145 file shall match the ownership, modes, access time, and modification
146 time of the input file. After the output file has been successfully
147 created, the input file shall be removed if the invoking process has
148 sufficient privileges. If the invoking process does not have sufficient
149 privileges to remove the input file (for example, if the directory has
150 the S_ISVTX bit set) the behavior depends on whether the
151 <b>-f</b>
152 option is specified: if
153 <b>-f</b>
154 is not specified, the output file shall be removed, a diagnostic
155 message shall be written and the utility shall continue processing
156 other files but the final exit status shall be non-zero; if
157 <b>-f</b>
158 is specified, the output file shall not be removed and it is
159 unspecified whether the inability to remove the input file is treated
160 as an error. If it is not treated as an error, a warning message may
161 be written to standard error
162 <p>
163 If no
164 <i>file</i>
165 operands are specified, standard input shall be compressed or
166 decompressed to standard output.
167 <p>
168 <sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('OB')">OB</a>]</sup>
169 <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=0>
170 If an input file that is to be removed after processing has multiple
171 hard links, the
172 <i>compress</i>
173 and
174 <i>uncompress</i>
175 utilities may write a diagnostic message to standard error and do
176 nothing with the file; this behavior may depend on whether the
177 <b>-f</b>
178 option is specified. If a diagnostic message is written, the final
179 exit status shall be non-zero.
180 <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=0>
181 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4><blockquote>
182 <p>
183 The
184 <i>compress</i>,
185 <i>uncompress</i>,
186 and
187 <i>zcat</i>
188 utilities shall conform to XBD
189 <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02">
190 <i>12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i>
191 </a>
192 ,
193 except that Guideline 1 does not apply to
194 <i>uncompress</i>
195 since the utility name has ten letters.
196 <p>
197 The following options shall be supported:
198 <dl compact><dd>
199 <p><dt><b>-b </b><i>value</i><dd>If the compression algorithm is LZW,
200 <i>value</i>
201 specifies the maximum number of bits to use in a code. For a
202 conforming application, the
203 <i>value</i>
204 argument shall be:
205 <pre>
206 <tt>9 <= </tt><i>value</i><tt> <= 16
207 </tt></pre>
208 <p>
209 The implementation may allow values of greater than 16. The default
210 shall be 14, 15, or 16.
211 <p>
212 If the compression algorithm is DEFLATE,
213 <i>value</i>
214 specifies the compression level. For a conforming application, the
215 <i>value</i>
216 argument shall be:
217 <pre>
218 <tt>1 <= </tt><i>value</i><tt> <= 9
219 </tt></pre>
220 <p>
221 The default shall be 6.
222 <p>
223 For other algorithms, value specifies implementation-defined tuning.
224 <p><dt><b>-c</b><dd>Write to standard output; the input files shall not be changed, and no
225 output files shall be created.
226 <p><dt><b>-d</b><dd>Decompress files. When invoked with the
227 <b>-d</b>
228 option, the
229 <i>compress</i>
230 utility shall restore previously compressed files to their original state.
231 <p><dt><b>-f</b><dd>Force compression or decompression of file, even if it does not (for
232 compression) actually reduce the size of the file, or if the
233 corresponding output file already exists. If the
234 <b>-f</b>
235 option is not given and the standard input is a terminal, the user
236 shall be prompted as to whether an existing output file should be
237 overwritten. If the response is affirmative, the existing file shall
238 be overwritten. If the standard input is not a terminal and
239 <b>-f</b>
240 is not given,
241 <i>compress</i>
242 or
243 <i>uncompress</i>
244 shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, the existing file
245 shall not be overwritten, and the utility shall exit with a status
246 greater than zero. If the
247 <b>-f</b>
248 option is specified and an input file other than standard input has
249 multiple hard links, it is implementation-defined whether the input
250 file is unlinked after the corresponding output file is successfully
251 written, or if processing of that file is skipped and a diagnostic
252 message is written to standard error.
253 <p><dt><b>-g</b><dd>Equivalent to
254 <b>-m</b>
255 <i>gzip</i>.
256 <p><dt><b>-m </b><i>algo</i><dd>Use the algorithm defined by
257 <i>algo</i>
258 to compress the files. The following algorithms shall be supported:
259 <br>
260 <p class="caption"><xref table="Compression algorithms, algo option-argument values, and suffixes"><a name="tagtcjh_17"></a>
261 Table: Compression algorithms, algo option-argument values, and suffixes</p>
262
263
264 <p>
265 <center>
266 <p>
267 <table border=1 cellpadding=3 align=center>
268 <tr valign=top><th align=center><p class="tent"><b>Algorithm</b></p></th>
269 <th align=center><p class="tent">algo</p></th>
270 <th align=center><p class="tent"><b>Filename Suffix</b></p></th>
271 </p></tr>
272 <tr valign=top><td align=left><p class="tent">Adaptive LZW
273 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>lzw</b>
274 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>.Z</b>
275 </p></tr>
276 <tr valign=top><td align=left><p class="tent">RFC1951 DEFLATE
277 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>deflate</b>
278 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>.gz</b>
279 </p></tr>
280 <tr valign=top><td align=left><p class="tent">Synonym for DEFLATE
281 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>gzip</b>
282 <td align=left><p class="tent"><b>.gz</b>
283 </tr>
284 </table>
285 </center>
286 <p class="tent">
287 Other implementation-defined algorithms may be supported.
288 <p class="tent">
289 If neither of the
290 <b>-m</b>
291 <i>algo</i>
292 and
293 <b>-g</b>
294 options is specified,
295 <b>lzw</b>
296 shall be used as a default
297 <i>algo</i>
298 value. Specifying more than one of the mutually exclusive
299 <b>-g</b>
300 and
301 <b>-m</b>
302 <i>algo</i>
303 options, or multiple
304 <b>-m</b>
305 <i>algo</i>
306 options, shall not be considered an error. The last option specified
307 shall determine the behavior of the utility.
308 <p class="tent">
309 On systems not supporting the selected algorithm, the input files
310 shall not be changed and an exit status greater than two shall be
311 returned.
312 <basefont size=2>
313 <dl><dt><b>Note:</b>
314 <dd>The Lempel-Ziv compression algorithm is described in the now-expired
315 US Patent 4464650, which was issued to William Eastman, Abraham Lempel,
316 Jacob Ziv, and Martin Cohn on August 7th, 1984 and assigned to Sperry
317 Corporation.
318 <p class="tent">
319 The Lempel-Ziv-Welch compression algorithm is described in the
320 now-expired US Patent 4558302, which was issued to Terry A. Welch on
321 December 10th, 1985 and assigned to Sperry Corporation.
322 </dl>
323 <basefont size=3>
324 <p><dt><b>-v</b><dd>For
325 <i>compress</i>,
326 write the percentage reduction of each file to standard error. For
327 <i>uncompress</i>,
328 write messages to standard error concerning the expansion of each file.
329 </dl>
330 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4><blockquote>
331 <p>
332 The following operand shall be supported:
333 <dl compact><dd>
334 <p><dt><i>file</i><dd>A pathname of a file to be compressed or decompressed. If a
335 <i>file</i>
336 is
337 <tt>'-'</tt>,
338 the utility shall read from standard input at that point in the
339 sequence and write to standard output. If more than one
340 <i>file</i>
341 operand is
342 <tt>'-'</tt>,
343 the behavior is unspecified.
344 </dl>
345 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_06"></a>STDIN</h4><blockquote>
346 <p>
347 The standard input shall be used only if no
348 <i>file</i>
349 operands are specified, or if a
350 <i>file</i>
351 operand is
352 <tt>'-'</tt>.
353 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4><blockquote>
354 <p>
355 If
356 <i>file</i>
357 operands are specified, the corresponding input files contain the data
358 to be compressed or decompressed.
359 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4><blockquote>
360 <p>
361 The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
362 <i>compress</i>:
363 <dl compact><dd>
364 <p><dt><i>LANG</i><dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are
365 unset or null. (See XBD
366 <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_02">
367 <i>8.2 Internationalization Variables</i>
368 </a>
369 for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
370 the values of locale categories.)
371 <p><dt><i>LC_ALL</i><dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
372 other internationalization variables.
373 <p><dt><i>LC_COLLATE</i><dd><br>
374 Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes,
375 and multi-character collating elements used in the extended regular
376 expression defined for the
377 <b>yesexpr</b>
378 locale keyword in the
379 <i>LC_MESSAGES</i>
380 category.
381 <p><dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i><dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text
382 data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte
383 characters in arguments), the behavior of character classes used in the
384 extended regular expression defined for the
385 <b>yesexpr</b>
386 locale keyword in the
387 <i>LC_MESSAGES</i>
388 category.
389 <p><dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i><dd><br>
390 Determine the locale used to process affirmative responses, and the
391 locale used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages,
392 prompts, and the output from the
393 <b>-v</b>
394 option written to standard error.
395 <p><dt><i>NLSPATH</i><dd>Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs.
396 </dl>
397 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4><blockquote>
398 <p>
399 Default.
400 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_10"></a>STDOUT</h4><blockquote>
401 <p>
402 For the
403 <i>compress</i>
404 and
405 <i>uncompress</i>
406 utilities, the standard output shall be used if no
407 <i>file</i>
408 operands are specified, if a
409 <i>file</i>
410 operand is
411 <tt>'-'</tt>,
412 or if the
413 <b>-c</b>
414 option is specified. Otherwise, the standard output shall not be used.
415 <p class="tent">
416 The
417 <i>zcat</i>
418 utility shall write the decompressed data to the standard output.
419 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_11"></a>STDERR</h4><blockquote>
420 <p>
421 The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic and prompt
422 messages, the optional warning message described in DESCRIPTION, and
423 the output from
424 <b>-v</b>.
425 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4><blockquote>
426 <p>
427 When decompressing input files other than standard input, the
428 corresponding output files shall contain the decompressed input data.
429 When compressing input files other than standard input, the
430 corresponding output files shall contain the compressed input data.
431 If the selected
432 <i>algo</i>
433 is
434 <b>deflate</b>
435 or
436 <b>gzip</b>,
437 the compressed output shall be in the GZIP format described in RFC 1952.
438 For other algorithms, the compressed output file format is
439 implementation-defined and interchange of such files between
440 implementations (including access via unspecified file sharing
441 mechanisms) is not required by POSIX.1-2024.
442 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4><blockquote>
443 <p>
444 None.
445 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4><blockquote>
446 <p>
447 The following exit values shall be returned for
448 <i>compress</i>:
449 <dl compact><dd>
450 <p><dt> 0<dd>Successful completion.
451 <p><dt> 1<dd>An error occurred.
452 <p><dt> 2<dd>One or more files were not compressed because they would have increased
453 in size (and the
454 <b>-f</b>
455 option was not specified).
456 <p><dt>>2<dd>An error occurred.
457 </dl>
458 <p class="tent">
459 The following exit values shall be returned for
460 <i>uncompress</i>
461 and
462 <i>zcat</i>:
463 <dl compact><dd>
464 <p><dt> 0<dd>Successful completion.
465 <p><dt>>0<dd>An error occurred.
466 </dl>
467 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4><blockquote>
468 <p>
469 If an error occurs while compressing or decompressing an input file
470 other than standard input, the input file shall remain unmodified.
471 </blockquote>
472 <hr><div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
473 <blockquote>
474 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4><blockquote>
475 <p>
476 The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input,
477 the number of bits
478 per code, and the distribution of common substrings. Typically, text
479 such as source code or English is reduced by 50-60%. Compression is
480 generally much better than that achieved by Huffman coding
481 or adaptive Huffman coding (<i>compact</i>),
482 and takes less time to compute.
483 <p class="tent">
484 Although
485 <i>compress</i>
486 strictly follows the default actions upon receipt of a signal or when
487 an error occurs, some unexpected results may occur. In some
488 implementations it is likely that a partially compressed file is left
489 in place, alongside its uncompressed input file. Since the general
490 operation of
491 <i>compress</i>
492 is to delete the uncompressed file only after the
493 <b>.Z</b>
494 file has been successfully filled, an application should always
495 carefully check the exit status of
496 <i>compress</i>
497 before arbitrarily deleting files that have like-named neighbors with
498 <b>.Z</b>
499 suffixes.
500 <p class="tent">
501 In addition to trying
502 <i>file</i>
503 and
504 <i>file</i><b>.Z</b>
505 when looking for a file to decompress, some implementations of
506 <i>uncompress</i>
507 and
508 <i>zcat</i>
509 also try suffixes for other known compression algorithms if neither
510 <i>file</i>
511 nor
512 <i>file</i><b>.Z</b>
513 is found. This version of the standard allows, but does not require
514 this behavior. Portable applications should always specify the full
515 pathname (including the suffix) of files to be decompressed.
516 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4><blockquote>
517 <p>
518 None.
519 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4><blockquote>
520 <p>
521 Earlier versions of this standard limited the number of bits used by
522 conforming applications for the
523 <b>lzw</b>
524 algorithm to 14 due to address space limitations on 16-bit
525 architectures. Using 15 or 16 is a much more common default when using
526 current hardware.
527 <p class="tent">
528 Earlier versions of this standard only supported LZW compression. The
529 standard developers noted that existing implementations added other
530 compression utilities, such as
531 <i>gzip</i>,
532 and found it desirable to support this widespread usage. Some
533 implementations had extended the
534 <i>compress</i>
535 utility to support such other schemes. The standard developers
536 generalized this practice by the addition of the
537 <b>-m</b>
538 option, even though this was not previous practice.
539 <p class="tent">
540 The
541 <i>uncompress</i>
542 <b>-d</b>
543 option is added to match undocumented existing practice of tested
544 implementations.
545 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4><blockquote>
546 <p>
547 If this utility is directed to create a new directory entry that
548 contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a
549 <newline>
550 character, implementations are encouraged to treat this as an error.
551 A future version of this standard may require implementations to treat
552 this as an error.
553 <p class="tent">
554 When decompressing a file, the requirement to add
555 <b>.Z</b>
556 to a
557 <i>file</i>
558 operand if the given pathname does not include a suffix associated
559 with a known compression algorithm or if
560 <i>file</i>
561 does not exist and does not already have a
562 <b>.Z</b>
563 extension is an obsolescent feature and may be removed in a future version.
564 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4><blockquote>
565 <p>
566 XBD
567 <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08">
568 <i>8. Environment Variables</i>
569 </a>
570 ,
571 <a href="../basedefs/V1_chap12.html#tag_12_02">
572 <i>12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines</i>
573 </a>
574 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4><blockquote>
575 <p>
576 First released in Issue 4.
577 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_22"></a>Issue 6</h4><blockquote>
578 <p>
579 The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must"
580 for application requirements.
581 <p class="tent">
582 An error case is added for systems not supporting adaptive Lempel-Ziv
583 coding.
584 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_23"></a>Issue 7</h4><blockquote>
585 <p>
586 SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.
587 <p class="tent">
588 Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #125 is applied, revising
589 the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section.
590 </blockquote><h4 class="mansect"><a name = "tag_20_23_24"></a>Issue 8</h4><blockquote>
591 <p>
592 Austin Group Defect 251 is applied, encouraging implementations to
593 disallow the creation of filenames containing any bytes that have the
594 encoded value of a
595 <newline>
596 character.
597 <p class="tent">
598 Austin Group Defect 1041 is applied, combining the
599 <i>compress</i>,
600 <i>uncompress</i>
601 and
602 <i>zcat</i>
603 pages into one and extensively modifying most sections.
604 <p class="tent">
605 Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of
606 <i>NLSPATH .
607 </i></blockquote>
608 <div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div><hr>
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